Teaching of General Science
Introduction:
Science has become an essential and integral part of our life. Without the knowledge of basic principles , concepts , theories and laws of science one cannot understand and explain a number of daily-life processes and many phenomena which one observes and experience in one’s life . Hence a basic knowledge about the fundamentals of science has become a necessity of everyone. Furthermore, science is not only a knowledge rather it is a attitude towards nature I a way of thinking as well as a way of life .
Keeping this in view, science has been given the status of a compulsory subject in any education system in the form of “general science”. So it is being taught even to the students of arts, literature and social sciences. It is due to this large scale demand of science teaching that we need a large number of science teachers. These science teachers must be equipped with an in-depth knowledge with full understanding and well-developed skills to communicate (teach) the concepts, principles, theories and laws of science at elementary and secondary level. They must have competence and command over the content of science from class I-X as well as over the latest available methods, techniques and approaches towards science teaching. They must keep in mind the objectives of science teaching and its need and importance in the advancement and progress of the society and civilization. These courses on the “teaching of general science” have been designed to meet all these requirements. Course -1 deals with the content of general science from classes I-X and course-II discusses on the methods & techniques of teaching science. Course-III deals with the practical work & developing teaching materials in science.
Course –I: Contents of General Science up to Secondary and O’ Levels
Course Code: BED-516.
Objectives:-
The general objectives of this course are to enable the student teachers to:
Understand and apply the concepts of science in daily life .
Develop scientific thinking and scientific attitude among their students
Plan, organize and teach a lesson on a given topic of science in the light of theory and research in science education
Understand recent trends and issues in methods and techniques of teaching science at elementary and secondary level
Comprehend and teach theories , Laws and principles of science effectively upto secondary level
Course Outline
Unit-1. Introduction to Science:
Nature, scope and importance of science education
Part-I
Unit-2. History of Science
What is science?
Islam and science
Scientific method
Branches of science
Evolution of modern sciences
Unit:3. Science and Society
Facilities: agriculture, medicine, pharmacy, engineering etc.
Unit:4. Cell as Unit of life
Start of life
Chemical composition
Chromosomes and genes
Unit-5. Microscopic Organisms
Bacteria
Viruses
Growth of human body
Role of nutrition
Components of nutrition
Role of hormones in body
Unit-6. Essential Elements of Life
Needs, importance and role of following elements in plants & animals:
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Calcium, Phosphorous, Potassium, Sulpher, Chlorine, Sodium, Magnesium, Iron etc.
Unit-7. Structure of Atom and Radioactivity
Atom
Fission and fusion
Pakistani nuclear program
Peaceful use of atomic energy
Unit-8. Modern Technology
Engine, Radio, Computer, Laser, Tape Recorder, Radar, Telephone, Television, Astronomy, Pakistan’s Space Program
Unit-9. Energy
Types of energy
Energy sources
Measurement of energy and its units
Use of energy in Pakistan
Conservation of energy
Unit-10. Environmental and Natural Resources
Minerals
Agricultural recourses
Marine Resources
Pollution and its types
Population explosion
Ecological balance
Forests
Water logging and salinity
Urbanization
Unit-11. Science and Technology
Science and technology in Pakistan
Futurism
Part II
Review of Content of Class 1 – 5
Review of Content of Class 6—8
Review of Content of Class 9th and 10 th
Recommended Books
Feden , P.D. and Vogal , R.M.(2003). Methods of teaching: Applying cognitive science to promote students learning . Boston: McGraw-Hill.
Hoong , T. L. Leng , H. P. (2003) . Lower Secondary Science 2 Singapore :SNP Panpac
Hoong , T. L. Leng,H. P. (2003). Lower Secondary Science I Singapore : SNP Panpac
Qureshi, N. A. et al (2002). Science 3. Lahore: Punjab Text Book Board .
Qureshi, A. M. et al (2003). General Science. Lahore: Punjab Text Book Board.
Saleemi, F. ( 2003 a). Science 2. Lahore: Punjab Text Book Board.
Saleemi, F. ( 2003 b). Science 7. Lahore: Punjab Text Book Board.
Saleemi, F.et al (2002 a). Science 6. Lahore: Punjab Text Book Board.
Saleemi, F. et al (2002 b). Science 1. Lahore: Punjab Text Book Board.
Saleemi, F. (2004). Science 3. Lahore: Punjab Text Book Board.
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