English Language Teaching & Methods and Approaches to English Lan

English Language Teaching

Introduction:
The deteriorating standard and quality of education in general and at elementary & secondary level in particular are due to substandard and low quality of ELT. The major drawbacks of our students up to secondary level are their poor pronunciation, fluency, comprehension and creative writing. Moreover, their skills of reading, writing, speaking and listening are also deficient. The major reason for these deficiencies is our English teachers who are not well-trained only but are also non –professionals. And even if they are somewhat trained, their training is not up to the mark. Usually graduate teachers with B.Ed. are appointed as English teachers whose training lacks many things .Keeping in view all these limitations and demands of the 21^st century education ,we have designed these courses of ELT to meet the challenges of new-millennium . One of these two courses deals with the methods techniques and approaches to ELT. It focuses mainly on the latest methods & techniques especially the modern softwares & simulations available in the market. The second course in this regard consists of the review of English content from class I--X and its effective teaching by applying various methods studied in the first course. Moreover, we have a special course of four credit hours to improve the communication skills of the students in the first semester entitled as “Communication Skills” in English.

Course – 1: Content Teaching at Elementary & Secondary Level.

Code No. BED-510:

Objectives:

On the successful completion of this course the student teachers will be able to:

• Review the English Language syllabi of elementary & secondary level and understand the linguistic units in them

• Teach different units of the syllabi efficiently and effectively up to secondary level

• Exhibit practical skills in teaching English language at secondary level bringing into use the theoretical knowledge about language teaching

• Develop the four communication skills of reading ,writing ,listening & speaking effectively & efficiently

Outline

Unit-: I- Introduction:

• Basic concepts

Unit-: II-Teaching Writing

• Approaches to teaching writing at elementary & secondary level

• Simple sentence

• Complex sentence

• Paragraph writing

• Essay writing

• Report writing

• Creative writing

• Story writing

• Letter writing

• Application writing

Guided and free exercises in above heads will be used in teaching the above elements of writing.

Unit-III-Teaching Reading

• Approaches to teaching reading

• Loud reading

• Silent reading

• Reading strategies

• Scanning

• Skimming

• Dealing with comprehension question

• Reading poetry

• Reading prose

• Extensive reading

• Intensive reading

• Checking faulty reading: subvocalization, fingerpointing, regressions

Guided and free exercises in above heads will be used in teaching the above elements of reading.

Unit-: IV-Teaching Speaking

• Approaches to teaching speaking

• Teaching pronunciation

• Dialogues (simulation)

• Monologues (Presentations & paper reading)

• Discussions

• What is efficient and effective speaking?

Guided and free exercises in above heads will be used in teaching the above elements of speaking.

Unit-: V-Teaching Listening

• Approaches to teaching listening

• Listening words

• Listening utterances

• Using different clues for understanding

• What is efficient and effective listening ?

Guided and free exercises in above heads will be used in teaching the above elements of listening.

Unit-VI: Teaching Vocabulary

• Introducing new words

• Vocabulary through reading

• Guessing through contexts

• Spellings

• Prepositions

• Approaches to teaching grammar

Unit-: VII-Teaching Grammar

• What is grammar? Basic concepts

• Teaching parts of speech

• Phrases

• Clauses

• Simple sentences

• Joining sentences

• Punctuation

• Tenses

• Aspect

• Mood

• Change of voice

• Change of narration

• Common grammatical errors

Note: Students will be required to exhibit practical teaching of the above topics based on contents of English language syllabi of elementary & secondary classes.

Recommended Books

Reading

Bernhard, B. (1991). Reading development in a second language. NJ: Albex

Greenball, S. and Swan, M. (1986). Effective reading. Oxford: OUP

Nuttall, C. (1996). Teaching reading skills in a foreign language. London: Heinemann

Wallace, C. (1992). Reading. London: OUP

Williams, E. (1984). Reading in the language classroom. NY: Macmillan

Listening

Anderson, A. and Lynch, T. (1988). Listening. London: OUP

Rixon, X. (1986). Developing listening skills. NY: Macmillan

Rost, M. (1990). Listening in language learning. NY. Longman

Underwood, M. (1990). Teaching listening. NY: Longman

Urwin, P. (1987). Teaching Listening comprehension. London: OUP

Writing

Bright,J.A. & Piggot, R. (1995). Handwriting. Cambridge: CUP

Donn, B. (1999). Teaching writing skills. NY: Longman

Donn, B. (2000). Wall pictures for language practice: Teacher’s handbook. NY: Longman.

Dictation

Hill, L.E. (1999). Sounds and spelling. Oxford: OUP

Teaching Vocabulary

John, H. (1998). Introduction to English language teaching. NY: Longman.

Broughton, G. (2000). Self-help lexis, in IATEFL Newsletter No. 70, P 21.

Speaking

Byrne, D. (1997). Teaching oral English. NY: Longman.

Course-II: Methods and Approaches to English Language Teaching

Course Code: BED. 511

Objectives:

To enable the students to:

• Understand various methodologies and techniques of English language teaching

• Use these methodologies in the language classroom

• Select and use the most appropriate methodology in a language classroom with particular reference to Pakistani situation

• Develop effective communication skills both oral as well as written

• Evaluate and appreciate the need and importance of the English language and literature in our daily life

Course Outline

Unit-I: Introduction:

• Theoretical background to language teaching

• Difference between first language, second language and foreign language learning

• Status of English in Pakistan

• Why learn second language?

• Theories of learning and their applications in language learning and teaching

Unit-II: Methodologies

• The grammar translation method

• The direct method

• The audio-lingual method

• The natural approach

• The communicative language teaching

• The eclectic approach

Unit-III: Error Analysis

• What is error analysis?

• The purpose of error analysis

• Why do errors occur? (Causes or sources of errors)

• Types of errors:

1. Interlingual errors (L I interference)

2. Intralingual errors

3. Over generalization

4. Faulty teaching & materials

5. Literal translations

• Contrast between the behaviorist and mentalist attitudes toward errors

• The different stages of Error Analysis: Recognition, interpretation, reconstruction classification and explanation.

Recommended Books

Allen & Corder (Ed.). (1978).Techniques in applied linguistics.(Vol.III).

Oxford: OUP

Chomsky,N.(1959).A review of B.F. Skinner’s verbal behavior. NY: Longman

Corder-Freeeman., D. (1990). Introducing applied linguistics .Oxford: OUP

Krashen,S.D. (1982). Principles and practice in second language acquisition. London: Pergamon Press

Larsen-Freeman, D.(1986).Techniques and principles in language teaching Oxford: OUP

Mukalel, J.C. (1988) .Approaches to English language teaching. New Delhi:

Discovery Publishers

Norrish, J. (1989). Language learner and their errors.NY: Macmillan

Omaggio, A.C. (1986).Teaching language in context. London: HHP

Richardds, J.C. (1980).Error analysis. London: Longman

Richards, A. & Rodgers,B. (1986). Approaches and methods in language teaching a description and analysis. Cambridge: CUP

Steinberg, D.D. (1988). Psycholinguistic .London: Longman

Wilkins, D.A. (1985). Linguistics in language teaching. London: Arnold